Letter 51

Lucius Annaeus SenecaLucilius Junior|c. 64 AD|Seneca the Younger|From Southern Italy (regional)|To Sicily (regional)|AI-assisted

Each of us does as best he can, my dear Lucilius. Over there you have Etna, that most renowned mountain of Sicily—though I cannot work out why Messala called it "unique," or whether it was Valgius, for I have read it in both. Many places, after all, spew out fire, and not only the high ones, which is the more common case (no doubt because flame is carried up to the greatest height), but low-lying places too. As for us, we are content, in whatever way we can manage, with Baiae—which I left the very day after I had reached it. It is a place to be shunned for this reason: though it has certain natural endowments, luxury has marked it out as her own playground.

"What of it, then?" you ask. "Is hatred to be declared against any particular place?" Not at all. But just as one garment suits a wise and upright man better than another—he does not hate any color, yet he judges some less fitting for a man who professes plain living—so there is also a region from which the wise man, or the man striving toward wisdom, will turn away as alien to good morals. And so, when he is thinking of retreat, he will never choose Canopus—though Canopus forbids no one to be frugal—nor even Baiae: both have begun to be the lodging-houses of the vices. There luxury grants itself the freest rein; there, as if some license were owed to the place itself, it lets go all the more.

We ought to choose a place that is wholesome not only for the body but also for the character. Just as I would not want to live among torturers, so neither would I want to live among cookshops. To see drunken men staggering along the shores, the carousing of pleasure-boaters, the lakes loud with the singing of musicians, and all the other things in which luxury—as though loosed from the laws—not only sins but parades its sin in public: what need is there of this? We ought to make it our work to flee as far as possible from the incitements to vice; the mind must be hardened and dragged far away from the seductions of pleasures. A single winter quarters unstrung Hannibal, and the comforts of Campania softened that man whom snows and the Alps could not subdue: he conquered by arms, but was conquered by vices.

We too must do military service, and indeed a kind of service in which no rest is ever granted, no leave: above all the pleasures must be fought down to the finish—pleasures which, as you see, have carried off even fierce natures. If a man sets before himself how great a task he has undertaken, he will know that nothing is to be done daintily, nothing softly. What have I to do with those steaming pools? What with the sweating-rooms, into which dry vapor is shut up to drain the body dry? Let all sweat come out through hard work. If we were to do what Hannibal did—break off the course of our campaign and, abandoning the war, give our effort to coddling our bodies—everyone would rightly fault such untimely idleness, perilous even for the victor, let alone for one still winning. We are permitted less than those who followed the Punic standards: more peril remains for us if we give ground, more labor too if we hold on.

Fortune wages war against me: I am not going to do her bidding. I do not take on the yoke; rather—and this calls for greater virtue—I shake it off. The mind must not be softened: if I give in to pleasure, I must give in to pain, give in to toil, give in to poverty. Ambition too will want the same rights over me, and so will anger; among so many passions I shall be torn apart—no, ripped to pieces. Freedom is set before me; it is for this prize that I labor. You ask what freedom is? To be slave to nothing, to no necessity, to no chance events, to bring Fortune down to a level field. On the day I understand that I have more power than she, she will have no power: I will endure her, when death is in my own hand?

A man intent on such thoughts ought to choose places that are grave and hallowed; too much pleasantness makes the spirit effeminate, and without doubt a region can do something to corrupt one's vigor. Pack animals whose hoofs are toughened on rough ground put up with any road; fattened on soft, marshy pasture, their hoofs are quickly worn through. The braver soldier comes from broken, rugged country; the city-dweller and the home-bred slave are sluggish. Hands transferred from the plow to arms refuse no toil: that sleek and glossy fellow gives out at the first dust. The sterner discipline of a place strengthens the character and makes it fit for great endeavors. It was more honorable for Scipio to live in exile at Liternum than at Baiae: a fall of that kind ought not to be cushioned so softly. Even those men into whose hands the rising fortunes of the Roman people first transferred the public wealth—Gaius Marius, Gnaeus Pompey, and Caesar—did build villas in the region of Baiae, yet they set them on the highest ridges of the mountains: this seemed more soldierly, to look out from a height over lands spread far and wide below. Look at the situation they chose, the places where and the kind of buildings they raised: you will see they are not villas but camps.

Do you suppose Marcus Cato would ever have lived there, to count up the adulteresses sailing past, and so many kinds of skiffs painted in various colors, and the roses drifting all over the lake, or to listen to the nighttime catcalls of serenaders? Would he not rather have stayed within a rampart that he himself had thrown up by his own hand for a single night? Why would any man who is truly a man not prefer to have his sleep broken by the war-trumpet rather than by a concert?

But I have quarreled with Baiae long enough—never long enough with the vices. Those, I beg you, Lucilius, pursue without limit, without end; for they too have neither end nor limit. Cast away whatever tears at your heart, things which, if they could not be drawn out any other way, would have to be torn out together with the heart itself. Above all, drive out the pleasures and hold them as the most hateful of all: like the bandits whom the Egyptians call "philetai" ["lovers"], they embrace us only to strangle us. Farewell.

AI-assisted translation - This translation was produced with AI assistance and has not been peer-reviewed. See the 19th-century translation or original Latin/Greek below for scholarly use.

Latin / Greek Original

[1] Quomodo quisque potest, mi Lucili: tu istic habes Aetnam, <et illuc> nobilissimum Siciliae montem - quem quare dixerit Messala unicum, sive Valgius, apud utrumque enim legi, non reperio, cum plurima loca evomant ignem, non tantum edita, quod crebrius evenit, videlicet quia ignis in altissimum effertur, sed etiam iacentia -, nos, utcumque possumus, contenti sumus Bais; quas postero die quam attigeram reliqui, locum ob hoc devitandum, cum habeat quasdam naturales dotes, quia illum sibi celebrandum luxuria desumpsit.

[2] 'Quid ergo? ulli loco indicendum est odium?' Minime; sed quemadmodum aliqua vestis sapienti ac probo viro magis convenit quam aliqua, nec ullum colorem ille odit sed aliquem parum putat aptum esse frugalitatem professo, sic regio quoque est quam sapiens vir aut ad sapientiam tendens declinet tamquam alienam bonis moribus. [3] Itaque de secessu cogitans numquam Canopum eliget, quamvis neminem Canopus esse frugi vetet, ne Baias quidem: deversorium vitiorum esse coeperunt. Illic sibi plurimum luxuria permittit, illic, tamquam aliqua licentia debeatur loco, magis solvitur. [4] Non tantum corpori sed etiam moribus salubrem locum eligere debemus; quemadmodum inter tortores habitare nolim, sic ne inter popinas quidem. Videre ebrios per litora errantes et comessationes navigantium et symphoniarum cantibus strepentes lacus et alia quae velut soluta legibus luxuria non tantum peccat sed publicat, quid necesse est? [5] Id agere debemus ut irritamenta vitiorum quam longissime profugiamus; indurandus est animus et a blandimentis voluptatum procul abstrahendus. Una Hannibalem hiberna solverunt et indomitum illum nivibus atque Alpibus virum enervaverunt fomenta Campaniae: armis vicit, vitiis victus est. [6] Nobis quoque militandum est, et quidem genere militiae quo numquam quies, numquam otium datur: debellandae sunt in primis voluptates, quae, ut vides, saeva quoque ad se ingenia rapuerunt. Si quis sibi proposuerit quantum operis aggressus sit, sciet nihil delicate, nihil molliter esse faciendum. Quid mihi cum istis calentibus stagnis? quid cum sudatoriis, in quae siccus vapor corpora exhausurus includitur? omnis sudor per laborem exeat. [7] Si faceremus quod fecit Hannibal, ut interrupto cursu rerum omissoque bello fovendis corporibus operam daremus, nemo non intempestivam desidiam, victori quoque, nedum vincenti, periculosam, merito reprehenderet: minus nobis quam illis Punica signa sequentibus licet, plus periculi restat cedentibus, plus operis etiam perseverantibus. [8] Fortuna mecum bellum gerit: non sum imperata facturus; iugum non recipio, immo, quod maiore virtute faciendum est, excutio. Non est emolliendus animus: si voluptati cessero, cedendum est dolori, cedendum est labori, cedendum est paupertati; idem sibi in me iuris esse volet et ambitio et ira; inter tot affectus distrahar, immo discerpar. [9] Libertas proposita est; ad hoc praemium laboratur. Quae sit libertas quaeris? Nulli rei servire, nulli necessitati, nullis casibus, fortunam in aequum deducere. Quo die illam intellexero plus posse, nil poterit: ego illam feram, cum in manu mors sit?

[10] His cogitationibus intentum loca seria sanctaque eligere oportet; effeminat animos amoenitas nimia, nec dubie aliquid ad corrumpendum vigorem potest regio. Quamlibet viam iumenta patiuntur quorum durata in aspero ungula est: in molli palustrique pascuo saginata cito subteruntur. Et fortior miles ex confragoso venit: segnis est urbanus et verna. Nullum laborem recusant manus quae ad arma ab aratro transferuntur: in primo deficit pulvere ille unctus et nitidus. [11] Severior loci disciplina firmat ingenium aptumque magnis conatibus reddit. Literni honestius Scipio quam Bais exulabat: ruina eiusmodi non est tam molliter collocanda. Illi quoque ad quos primos fortuna populi Romani publicas opes transtulit, C. Marius et Cn. Pompeius et Caesar, exstruxerunt quidem villas in regione Baiana, sed illas imposuerunt summis iugis montium: videbatur hoc magis militare, ex edito speculari late longeque subiecta. Aspice quam positionem elegerint, quibus aedificia excitaverint locis et qualia: scies non villas esse sed castra. [12] Habitaturum tu putas umquam fuisse illic M. Catonem, ut praenavigantes adulteras dinumeraret et tot genera cumbarum variis coloribus picta et fluvitantem toto lacu rosam, ut audiret canentium nocturna convicia? nonne ille manere intra vallum maluisset, quod in unam noctem manu sua ipse duxisset? Quidni mallet, quisquis vir est, somnum suum classico quam symphonia rumpi?

[13] Sed satis diu cum Bais litigavimus, numquam satis cum vitiis, quae, oro te, Lucili, persequere sine modo, sine fine; nam illis quoque nec finis est nec modus. Proice quaecumque cor tuum laniant, quae si aliter extrahi nequirent, cor ipsum cum illis reveliendum erat. Voluptates praecipue exturba et invisissimas habe: latronum more, quos 'philêtas' Aegyptii vocant, in hoc nos amplectuntur, ut strangulent. Vale.

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