Letter 13044: **From:** Gregory I, Bishop of Rome

FIRST CHAPTER-LETTER. TO JOHN, BISHOP OF PALERMO. TO JOHN THE DEFENDER. That he should furnish to his clerics the things he promised when they were asking what was just. [...] What is to be inquired into and determined in the cases of Januarius, bishop of Malaga, of a certain priest of his, and likewise of Bishop Stephen. The desires of those who petition are always to be fulfilled, as often as those things are sought which do not depart from reason. And therefore, since you have promised that you would observe certain articles which your clerics petitioned for, and we are entreated by them to confirm these by our authority, we exhort your Fraternity by these words, that you ought to keep, without any opposition, those things which the present writing contains. First, that of the revenues of the Church you should give in full a fourth portion of the Church to your clerics, according to their merit, or office, or their own labor, as you yourself shall foresee to give to each one, without any delay or pretext. But concerning that which has come in from the offering of the faithful, do not defer to give them a fourth part in coin, or in the storeroom, according to the former custom. But all the remaining movable goods you should retain in your own power. For the immovable goods are to be added to the ecclesiastical revenues, so that, the quantity having been multiplied, the fourth part of your clerics may, by God's bounty, increase. Be mindful, moreover, that a registrar is to be appointed together with the consent of the elders and the clergy, who each year ought solemnly to set forth his accounts in order to dispel any suspicion of fraud. And at the time of the vintage that same clergy should receive as a remedy the buying of wine from the possessions of your Church at fair prices, in so far as it is to be sold. For it is altogether contrary to reason that what can be sold to outsiders should be denied to the clerics when a price has been given. Therefore the possessions, or if there are any other things belonging to ecclesiastical right, which are unduly held by outsiders, hasten with all zeal, civility being preserved, to restore into the right of your Church, so that you may not be seen to be negligent in anything. If, therefore, anything should come to your ears about any cleric whatever, which by right might offend you, do not easily believe it, nor let the unknown matter incite you to an accusation; but the truth must be diligently searched out in the presence of the elders of your Church, and then, if the quality of the matter shall require it, let canonical strictness strike the fault of the offender. All these things, therefore, take care to keep so attentively and gently, that neither may you seem to have been forgetful of your promise, nor may they be able to find any occasion against you for murmuring. ERR. XLIV [Al. 51]. [Editorial note: in the Vulgate texts, "continual favor"; in one Colbert manuscript, "to Serninianus, bishop of Ravenna"; "prepare" is corruptly given in the Vulgate texts. Editorial annotation: the dispenser of the fourth part of the revenues of the church and of the offerings; he distributed portions to the clerics according to their register, by which a table was kept. Augustine, Sermon 356: "Whoever ..."] EPISTLE XLV [Al. 52]. [Editorial note: This letter is found in all the Vatican, Norman, English, Colbert, and Teller, Tours, Rheims, and Corbie manuscripts. In five Vatican manuscripts: "The chapter-letter which is to be observed by John as he goes into Spain."] Gregory to John the Defender, going into Spain in the name of the Lord. In the first place, inquiry must be made concerning the person of the priest of our most beloved brother and fellow-bishop Januarius; and if the truth holds so, as the petition of that same bishop contains, let that same priest by all means be recalled into the Church and into his own place. But if it shall be said that some case has been brought or proved against him, then, with him present and giving an account for himself, both the kind of the case and the manner of proof must be subtly inquired into, so that from this you may be able rightly to gather whether he ought still to remain in exile, or certainly to be recalled into his own Church and his own office. But concerning the person of the above-written bishop this is to be determined: that if a criminal case which is worthy of exile or deposition has been brought or proved against him, the one who, while that bishop survived, presumed to be ordained in his Church perversely and against the canons, being deprived of the priesthood, shall be expelled from all ecclesiastical ministry. He is also to be handed over to that same most beloved Januarius, our brother and fellow-bishop, so that either he may be held in custody by him, or certainly be transmitted by him to us in all respects. But the bishops who ordained him, or who, consenting to his ordination, were present at it, being for six months deprived of the communion of the Lord's body and blood, shall be sentenced to do penance in a monastery. And the above-written Januarius is to be by all means restored to his place and order. But if it should happen that the danger of death threaten those who are deprived of communion, let the blessing of the viaticum not be denied to them. But if the bishops shall not have confessed of their own accord that they consented to the prejudice of the condemnation or deposition of the said bishop out of fear of the judge, and that they did such things, then their time also is to be shortened, and the manner of penance is to be tempered. But if he who invaded his place should perhaps depart from this life and another be ordained, since the fault seems lighter, inasmuch as he seems not to have succeeded as it were to the surviving man but to the deceased, let only the office of the episcopate be forbidden him by that Church, so that in another church which has been vacant of a priest, if he be elected... [...] [Augustine, Sermon 356: "Whoever is found ... may be a bishop, yet never in any way to return to the Church of Malaga."] But the glorious Comitiolus shall be condemned to restore to that same bishop whatever the aforesaid bishop, an oath having been given, shall affirm that he expended or what loss he suffered through the violence and persecution of that man. But if perhaps it is alleged that the matter was done otherwise than the petition of the aforesaid bishop contains, it must be subtly inquired into, and, the truth being known, it must be judged with the fear of God according to what the order of justice shall advise. Since, therefore, Bishop Stephen asserts that, out of hatred toward him, certain things were feigned, and that he was accused on false charges, and that nothing was done in orderly fashion, but that he was unjustly condemned, it must first be diligently inquired whether the judgment was held in orderly fashion, or whether the accusers were some persons and the witnesses others. Then the quality of the causes must be examined, whether it was worthy of exile or deposition; or whether, with him present, testimony was given against him under oath, or it was done in writing, or whether he himself had license of answering and defending himself. But also concerning the persons of those accusing and testifying it must be subtly inquired, of what condition, of what reputation, or whether they be poor, or whether perhaps they had some enmities against the aforesaid bishop, and whether they spoke their testimony from hearsay or certainly testified that they knew it specifically, or whether judgment was given in writing, and the sentence was recited with the parties present. But if perhaps these things were not done solemnly, nor was the case proved which would be worthy of exile or deposition, let him by all means be recalled into his own Church. But those who condemned him against the fear of God and the statutes of the canons, being excommunicated, are to be sent into a monastery to do penance for six months, yet so indeed that if the peril of death should happen to threaten any of them, the blessing of the viaticum be not denied him. But he himself who, while that man was living, rashly aspired to his place, being deprived of the priesthood, shall be expelled from all ecclesiastical ministry, and shall be handed over to that same most beloved brother and fellow-bishop of ours, so that either he may transmit him to us, or hold him in custody with himself. But the bishops who presumed to ordain him, or gave consent to his perverse ordination, the same, being deprived of communion, shall be assigned for six months to do penance in a monastery. But if the bishops shall acquire... [...the truth] that out of fear of the judge they consented to the prejudice of the condemnation or deposition of the said Stephen, and that they did such things not of their own accord but... [shall have confessed], their time is to be shortened, and the manner of penance tempered. If, therefore, he who invaded the place of the said Stephen has perhaps died, and another has been ordained bishop in his Church, that is to be determined concerning him which we said above concerning the case of our brother and fellow-bishop Januarius. But if perhaps some of the things charged against the said Bishop Stephen have been proved, but some could by no means be shown, it must be weighed with altogether cautious consideration whether the lighter charges, or certainly the graver ones, have been proved, so that from these you may be able to know how you ought to form your decision. But the glorious Comitiolus, if the above-written bishop shall have appeared innocent, shall restore to him without any delay whatever he took of his goods or of his Church. But let that same memorable glorious Comitiolus restore and make satisfaction for whatever the bishop shall swear that the same man expended in persecution and violence of him, or what loss the same bishop suffered. But if it shall be established that the aforesaid bishop committed such a fault, which God forbid, so that it be evident that he was not unreasonably deposed, let that same deposition of his be confirmed, and let all his Church's goods which shall appear to have been carried off be restored to it, because the offense of a person is not to be turned into the harm of the Church. For if, as they say, Comitiolus is dead, let the things which were unjustly carried off by him be restored without excuse by his heir. (John the Deacon, Book IV, chapter 28.) SECOND CHAPTER-LETTER OF THE IMPERIAL LAWS. FOR THE IMMUNITY OF THE CLERGY, TO JOHN THE DEFENDER GOING TO SPAIN. It prescribes more fully what is to be done in the cases of the aforesaid persons, the laws of the emperors having been collected. Concerning the person of the priest, this is to be attended to: that if he had any case, he ought not to be held by another, but his own bishop ought to have been approached, so that... having acquiesced in the matters which have been done, we command through the judge of the place that these be carried into perfect execution, etc. But lest it be objected that this speaks of a cleric, not of a priest, it must be known that in the same constitution, that is, in Law 1, it is read that under the appellation of clerics there are also contained priests and deacons. But the words of the law are these: "Priests, moreover, and deacons, and subdeacons, cantors, and lectors; all of whom we call clerics," and so forth. (Novel 123.) Concerning the person of Bishop Januarius it must be known that it was done altogether gravely and against the laws that he was violently dragged from the Church, since whenever a bishop has suffered any injury whatever from anyone in the Church, the law strikes the one inflicting the injury with capital punishment, and, as in a charge of treason, gives to all the license of accusing him, as the tenor of this law speaks in the first book of the Code, sixth title, tenth constitution: "The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Theodorus, praetorian prefect. If anyone shall break out into this kind of sacrilege, that, bursting into the catholic churches, he should inflict any injury upon the priests and ministers, or upon the very place of worship, let what is done be punished by the rectors of the province, and let the moderator of the province know that the injury done to the priests and clerics and the ministers of the catholic Church, and to the very place and to divine worship, is to be avenged by capital sentence upon those convicted or confessed of the crime." And after a little: "And let it be praiseworthy to all to pursue cruel injuries done to priests or ministers as a public crime, and to deserve vengeance over such criminals," etc. Given on the seventh of the Kalends of May, at Milan, Honorius Augustus being consul for the fourth time and Eutychianus consul. (Code, Of Bishops and Clerics.) Of the above-written book, title 45, second constitution: "The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius, Augusti, to Jonius, praetorian prefect. By a faithful and devout decree we ordain that it be lawful for no one to lead away those fleeing to the most holy churches, under this definition indeed, that if anyone shall attempt to come against this law, let him know that he is to be charged with the guilt of the crime of treason... we grant to those living under propitious favor, as often as use shall require, that none at all of whatever condition be expelled, dragged, or drawn forth from the most holy churches of the orthodox faith, as refugees. And after a little: Those who shall have dared to attempt to contrive or do this, or even by bare thought and discussion, are to be struck with the punishment of the chief and final penalty. From these places, therefore, and their precincts, which the prescripts of the former laws have sanctioned, we never allow that any be cast out or expelled at any time, nor that anyone be so detained and confined in these revered churches that anything either of victuals or clothing be denied him, or rest," etc. Given on the day before the Kalends of March at Constantinople, Leo Augustus being consul for the third time. (Of those who flee to the Church.) Concerning the person of Stephen, this bishop, it must be attended to that he ought neither to have been unwillingly dragged to judgment, nor to have been judged by bishops of a foreign council, as the aforesaid constitution of the Novels contains, which speaks of bishops. For it says: "But neither for any pecuniary or criminal cause whatever do we permit a bishop to be produced or exhibited unwillingly to go before a civil or military judge without imperial command; but that judge who shall have presumed to command any such thing, whether in writing or not in writing, we order, after the loss of his belt of office, to pay a penalty of twenty pounds of gold to the Church of which the bishop was ordered to be produced or exhibited; and likewise the executor, after the loss of his belt, to be subjected to scourging and deported into exile. Likewise, after many things: But if approach be made against a bishop by a cleric or layman of any kind whatever, on account of any cause, let the case be judged before his most holy metropolitan, according to the holy rules and our laws. And if anyone shall contradict the things judged, let the cause be referred to the most blessed archbishop and patriarch of that diocese." Against these things, if it shall be said that he had neither a metropolitan nor a patriarch, it must be said that this case ought to have been heard and decided by the apostolic see, which is the head of all the Churches, just as the aforesaid bishop is recognized to have petitioned, who held the bishops of a foreign council altogether suspect. Since, therefore, the sentence pronounced by such a judge obtains no firmness at all, the tenor of this reading shows, Code Book VII, title 48, fourth constitution: "The Emperors Gratian, Valentinian, and Theodosius, Augusti, to Potitus the vicar. And in the cases of private persons let this form be observed, that no sentence not pronounced by his own judge constrain any of the litigants." Given on the twelfth of the Kalends of October at Rome, Ausonius and Olybrius being consuls. (If by a non-competent judge.) But that which is said, that he was accused by his own slaves, since they ought by no means to have been heard, this constitution makes plain, speaking thus, Code Book IX, title 1, twentieth constitution: "The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius, Augusti, to Eutychianus, praetorian prefect. If anyone from among the household members or from the slaves of any house whatever shall have stood forth as accuser and informer of any crime whatever, about to demand the estimation, life, and fortunes of him to whose intimacy or dominion he clung, before the production of witnesses, before the examination of the judgment, in the very setting forth of the crimes and the beginning of the accusation, let him be struck with the avenging sword. For a deadly voice ought rather to be cut off than to be heard. But the crime of treason alone we except." Given on the fifth of the Ides of November, Caesarius and Atticus being consuls. (Of those who cannot accuse.) But if it shall be said that he was accused of this, that it touches upon the crime of treason, not even of that ought he to be believed, if his life or reputation was not previously such, as Modestinus writes in book XLVIII of the Pandects, on the Julian law of treason, in the law "Famosi," a little after the beginning: "This crime, however, is not to be held by judges as an occasion for the veneration of the majesty of the principate, but in the truth of the matter judged. For both the person is to be regarded, whether he could do it, and what he did before, and whether he intended it." But as to what the same bishop says, that in his absence certain most worthless witnesses were brought forward, this, if it is true, is to be known by the law to be of no moment, by the new Constitution which speaks of witnesses, chapter 16: "This also we have rather often recognized, that certain persons either before the defenders of places, or before the most illustrious judges of the provinces, or even, as is wont, here before the most illustrious master of the census, enter and complain as though having suffered something from another against the laws, or being otherwise harmed or damaged, wishing to produce witnesses. But lest afterward it be objected to them that the proceedings were completed by one party, it is fitting that he also who is impeached, being constituted in the very city where the testimonies are given, being admonished by the judge or by the defender, should come and hear the attestations. But if he be unwilling to come, and shall have despised it, so that on this account the testimonies against him from one party are useless, we ordain that testimonies of this kind so prevail as if they were not established by one party, but as if they had been made in his very presence. For if he shall have refused, and been unwilling to come and hear what is deposed, since indeed it is in public, and he cannot fail to come out of some unavoidable necessity, he shall be like one who comes, and no usefulness shall accrue from his contempt, but the proofs shall seem to have been made in the presence of both parties." Behold, the adversary is always to be admonished to come to hear the witnesses. And because this was here omitted, it is necessary that what was done against the laws have no firmness. (Authentic, Of Witnesses.) But what witnesses, or of what reputation, are to be admitted to testimony, very many laws show, which are held unknown to almost no one; which also sanction this, that worthless witnesses ought not to be believed without corporal examination. But as to what is said, that nothing was judged in writing, title 44 of book VII of the Code is to be read, since it ought to have been judged in writing. For there, among other things, it is prescribed that a sentence which shall have been pronounced not in writing should not deserve to have the name of a sentence. (As above, Witnesses.) THE SENTENCE OF JOHN THE DEFENDER. A copy of the sentence for Januarius, bishop of Malaga. In the name of the Lord, in the reign of such-and-such an emperor, on such-and-such a day, in such-and-such an indiction. He to whom the office of judge is enjoined ought so to show himself with pure and undefiled conscience in all things, that from those things which he judges in others he may not himself incur the vengeance of the eternal examination. Since, therefore, by the deputation of my most blessed and apostolic lord, the lord Pope Gregory, I, John the Defender, [was appointed] to examine by internal inquiry between Januarius, bishop of the city of Malaga, and between such-and-such and such-and-such bishops of Januarius, and to seek out the truth subtly from the parties, whether, as his petition contains, he was violently dragged from the Church by clerics sent by the said bishops together with the men of the glorious Comitiolus. And when they were objecting many things against one another in turn, as the proceedings attest, both parties at length arrived at this conclusion as the terminus, asking me that I ought to judge concerning the things acknowledged. Whence, attentively rereading the things that were done, and searching out the truth by diligent investigation, I found no fault in the aforesaid Januarius which would be punished as worthy of exile or deposition, but rather found that he had been violently ejected from the Church. And although the censure of the laws strikes most strictly such rashness of this kind, I nevertheless, tempering the vigor of the laws with sacerdotal moderation, in the midst of the most holy Gospels, with which present before me from the beginning I have sat as judge in this judgment... [I pronounce that those proceedings, if they] obtain... nor be of any moment, I nevertheless pronounce to be unjust and invalid, and condemning those and those said bishops, who, sacerdotal consideration being set aside, were turned unjustly and against the fear of God to the prejudice and condemnation of their brother, I appoint and decree that they are to be received into a monastery to do penance for a time. But that man who wickedly presumed to invade the place of the aforesaid most holy Januarius against the statutes of the sacred canons, condemning him, I decree that he be deprived of the priesthood and removed from every ecclesiastical order, so that he may both lose that which he wrongfully obtained, and not return to the office which he had before unworthily exercised. But the oft-mentioned most holy bishop Januarius, absolved, I appoint to return to his place and degree of the episcopate, God being the author, and to be restored in all respects. [A further sentence follows, concerning the monastery in the island of Cabrera, which is situated near the island of Majorca. Since it has come to us that the monks of that monastery act so perversely, and have given over their life to diverse crimes, that they show themselves to serve not Almighty God, but the ancient enemy, which we say with groaning: let your Experience, admonished by the present authority, take care to come to the said monastery and to search out by subtle zeal the life and manners of those dwelling there, and so to correct with fitting punishment whatever it shall find worthy of pruning, as the canonical order desires, and to inform them of what they ought to observe, so that the measure of your correction may both lead these men back to the way of right conduct, and render you in nothing... before us. We ought not to give strength to depraved deeds by dissimulation, lest we seem [to favor those] whom it behooves us to cut away with the pruning-hook of discipline.]

CAPITULARE PRIMUM. AD-JOANNEM PANORMITANUM EPISCOPUM. AD JOANNEM DEFENSOREM. Que clericis 8uis jusla petentibus promizit exhibeat, a G : - ng ; R NY Wve” Pa —_ Quid in Januarii, M alacitani episcopi, cujusdam illius os aig mats Gon adder) | preabyteri, necnon Stephani episcopi causis inqui- Implenda sunt semper poslulantium desideria, rendum ac statuendum 5it. quoties illa poscuntur que a ratione non deviant. Et Gregorius Joanai deſengori in nomine Domini ideo quia quzdam-capitula, quz servaturum te cle= eunti in Hispaniam. ricis tuis petentibus promisisti, nostra ab eis > po- In primis requirendum est de persona presbyleri zwulamur auctoritate firmare, fraternitatem tuam his dilectissimi fratris et coepiscopi nostri Januarii hbortamur affatibus, ut ea quz presentia scripia con- (Crat., 2, q. 1, c. 7); et $i ita $6 veritas habet, tinent'sine aliqua debeat reſragatione servare. Pri- sicut ejusdem episeopt petitio continet, in Ecclesiam mum, ut de reditibus Ecclesiz quartam in integro B atque in locum suum modis omnibus idem presbyter portionem Eeclesiz tu clericis secundum meritum, revocetur. Si autem dictum fuerit quia contra ipsum rel oſlicium, sive laborem suum, nt ipse unicuique eausa aliqua mota sive probata est, sahtiliter, ipso dare prospexeris, sine aliqua prebge debeas tar- prasente et pro se rationem reddente, quzrendam ditate. De hoc vero quod ex fidelium oblatione ae- est et genus causz, et modus probationis, ut ex hoc eesserit, quartam partem in solidis, vel cellario, eis recte colligere valeas utrum adhuc In exsilio demo- juxta pristinam consuetudinem dare non differas. rarj, an cerle in Ecclesjam $uam et officidin svum Reliqua autem omnia mobilia in -tua retineas pote- debeat revocari. zate. Immobilia enim eeclesiaslicis reditibus aggre- De sapraseripti vero episcopi persond hoe 8ta- gentur, ut multiplicata quantitate * elericorum tuo- tuendum est, ut si finilz contrs enm criminalis rum quarta, Deo largiente, proficiant. | causa, que exgilio yel depositione digna est, mota « Tabularium autem una cum consense Seniorum -S$ive probata est, is qui co s@persiite episcopas per- el cleri memineris ordinandum, qui annis singulis ad verse ac contr2 canones ir} Ecelesia ejus ordinari wpulandam ſraudis Suspicionem $olemniter suas pregumpsit, sacerdotio privatits, ab omni ecclesia- debeat rationes exponere. Vindemiarum aulem tem- stico ministerio repellatnr. Qai etiam eidem dile- pore idem clerus emendi vinum de possessionibus Q ctissimo Januario fratri et coepiscopo nostro tra- Leelesiz luz ad justa prelia, in quantum venden- dendus est, ot aut ab ipso in custodia habeatur, aut dum est, remedium consequatur. Nai gatis contra certeab eo ad nos per omniaz transmittatur. Episcopi rtionem est ut quod potest extraneis venundari, vero qui eum ordinaverunt, vel ordinationi ejas con- dericis dato pretio denegetur. Possessiones igitur, gentientes interfnerunt, in £ex mensibas dominici rel si qua $unt alia ecclesiastico juri competentia, et ceorporis et sangainis communione privati, agefe pe- ab extraneis indebite detinentur, cum omni stadio nitentiam decernantur in monaterio, Et sopraseri- ervata civilitale, in jus Ecclesie tuz * reparare plus Januarius loco et ordini suo modis omnibus re- ſestina, ut negligens in aliquo videri non valeas. Si formetur, Si vers communione privatis mortis con- quid igitur de quocunque elerico ad aures tuas per- tigerit imminere pericutom, benedlctio eis vialici Teverit quod te jute possit offendere (Gret., dist. 85, non negotur. Si antem episcopi in prejudicium con- 6 25, cans. 45, q. 7, c. 2), ſacile non credas, necad demnationis vel depositionis memorati episcopi se ladictam te res accendat incognita ; ged pregenti- metn judicis consensisse ac talia fecisse non sua us senioribus Ecclesia2 we diligenter est }2SQO 5Pponie fassi fuerint, et tempus eis abbreviandum Teitas perscrulanda, et tunc $i qualitas rei popo»- et, et modus paenitentiz temperandus. Sj vero ile keerit, canonica districtio enlp2m feriat delinquen- D qui locum ejus invasit de. hac fortasse Kice migrave- ks. Hee itaque omuia sie $0llicite ac mansuete 8tu- Fit FQS1 <t alter est ordinatns, quia levior culpa G tui $it custodire, quatenus nec ty promissionis videtur, cum non quasi isti superstiti, sed succes- uz videaris immemor exslitisse, nec illi contra te Sisse deſuncto videatur, episcopatus illi officium ab tam occasionem inveuire valeant murmuraudi. illa Ecclesia lantummodo interdieator ut in alia Ee- © In Vulgatis, gratia assidua. fuerit habens proprium, non illi permits ut inde ſaciat Err. XLIY [Al. 51]. — * a uno ex Colbert., 9eslamentum, sed delebo eum de tabula clericorum. Leriniano Ravenne episcopo. * Mendose vulgati, preparare. horum usibus Deo largiente.... proficiant. Eersr. XLY [Al. 52]. — * Haze epimola invenitur ©14 evt, dispensatorem quartz partis redilugm in omnibus Vatic., Noru., Anglie., Colbert., Teller., lesie alque oblationum. Hic clericis portiones Turon., Rhemens., Corb. la quinque Vatie. : bribvebat juxia ipsorum matriculam qua tabula capitulare quod observandum est a Joanne berbatur. Augustinus, Serm. 356 : (QQuisquis i;wventus eunte mn Hispaniam. p— — — pousit es8e epigcopus, > ad Malacitanam tamen Eec- clesiam nunquam aliquo modo reversurus. Gloriosus autem Comitiolus quidquid predictus episcopus per violentiam atque insecutionem ipsius expendisse vel damnum periulisse dato sacramento firmaverit, ei- dem episcopo restituere condemnetur. Si autem ali- ter quam anleſati episcopi petitio continet actum ese ſorsitan perhibetur, subiiliter querendum ext, et veritate cognita, cum Dei timore quod justilie ordo suaserit judicandum. Quia ergo Siepbanus episcopus in odio 8u0 que- ' dam ficta, et de falsis se capitulis accusatum, neque aliquid ordinabiliter factum, 'sed injuste 5se asverit ' condemnatum, diligenter querendum est primo $i SANCTI GREGORIT MAGNI ,clesia que sacerdote vacaverit, si electus fuerit, A professi ſuerint , tempus eis abbreviandum ext, « modus pcenitentie temperandus. Si igitur is qui predicti Stephani L294 locum invasit ſortasse de- ſunctus es!, atque alius in Ecclesia ejus episcopus ordinatus es, illud de eo statuendum est quod gy- perius de causa fratris et coepiscopi nostri Januarij dizimus. Quod si ſorte aliqua de objectis contra me- - moratum Siephanum episcopum probala sunt, aliqua vero doceri minime potuerunt, cauta omnino consi- deratione pensandum est utrum leviora capitula, an cerle graviora probata 8int, ut ex eis qualiter deſinj- tionem tuam 4 ſormare debeas possis 8cire. Gloriesus vero Comitiolus, si suprascriptus episcopus innocens es8e claruerit, quidquid de rebus ejus, vel Ecclesiz ipsius tulit, ei 8ine aliqua reslituat dilatione. Sed & judicium ordinabiliter est habitum, aut si alii accu- B quzque $e in persecutionem ac violentiam ejus ex- zatores, alii testes ſuerunt. Deinde caugarum quali- tas est examinanda, si digna exsilio vel depositione ſuit. Aut sj eo- presevte © sub jurejurando contra eum testimonium dictum est, seu scriptis actuin est, vel ipse liceutiam respoaudendi et deſeudendi se ha- buit. Sed et de personis accusantium ac lestifican- tium $ubliliter quzrendum est, cujus conditionis, cujusque opinionis, aut ne inopes Sint, aut ne forte aliquas contra predicium episcopum inimicitias ha- buissent, et utrum testimonium ex auditu dixerunt aut cerie 8e scCire specialiter testati sunt, vel si scri- ptis judicatum est, et partibus presentibus senten- tia recitata est. Quod si forte hzc solemniter acta non sunt, nec causa probata est que exsilio vel de- positione digna sit, in Ecclesiam suam modis omni- C bus revocetur, Hi vero qui eum contra Dei timorem et canonum slatuta condemnaverunt, excommuni- cali io monasterium ad agendam penitentiam in Sex mensibus sunt mitlendi, ita sane ut si cuiquam eo=- rum mortis contigerit imminere discrimen, viatici ei benedictio non negetur. Ipse autem qui eo vivente locum ejus lemerarie ambivit privatus sacerdotio ab omni ministerio ecclesiastico repellatur, alque eidem dilectissimo fratri et coepiscopo nostro tradatur, ut eum aut ipse ad nos transmillal, aut apud $e in cu- stodia babeat. Episcopi vero qui eum ordinare pre- Sumpserunt, vel perversz ipsius ordinationi prebuere consensum, iidem, communione privati, sex mensi- bus ad agendam penitentiam in monasteriv depu- pendisse vel damnum idem episcopus pertulisse ju- raverit, idem memoratus gloriosus Comitiolus reddat ac $Salisſaciat. Si autem talem culpam anlediciun episcopum commisisse consliterit (Grat., 16, g. $, c. 3), quod absit, ut constet eum non irrationabili- ter ſuisse depositum, eadem ejus depositio confir- metur, et Eecclesiz res $uz omnes restituantur, que ablatz claruerint, quia delictum personz in damuum Eeclesiaz non est converiendum. Si enim, ut dicumt, Comitiolus deſunctus est, ab herede ejus que ab illo ® injuste ablata sunt 8ine excusatione reddantur. (Joan. Diac., lib. iv, c. 28.) * CAPITULARE I} LEGUM IMPERIALIUM. PRO IMMUNITATE CLERICORUM, JOANNI DEFENSORI EUNTI HISPANIAM. Quid in swpradictorum causis sit agendum uberius pre 8c bit, collectis imperatorum legibus. De persona presbyteri hoc attendendum ext (Grat., 41, 9. 1, c. 38), quia si quam causam habait, non ab alio teneri, sed episcopus ipsius adiri debvit, lentur. Si autem episcopi in prejudicium condem- D cats sunt ® acquiererit, jubemus per loci judicem hee nationis vel depositionis memorali Stephani se metu judicis consensisse, ac talia se ſecisse non $ua spoule urbs olim Hi>paniz Baelicz maritima, nunc regni Granatensis ad ostia Nluvii Betis, vulgo Quadalqui- virejo. Emporium celebre, sedem habrns episcopa- lem $ub archiepi olim Hispalensi, nunc vero sub Grauatcasi, ut habet Provinciale Romanum. GuSSANVv. © Recent., eo prezente qui accusutus et, et inſra, cnjus vile, cnjus conditions. - 4 Norm., debeas. * Colbert. ac Vatic. A et B, injusle tulla 8unt. Carrroiares I [Al. 56]. — * Desideratur in Norm., Anglic., Corb. Exstat in quinque Vatic., in tribus Colbert., in Turon., in utroque Rhem., et in duobus exsecutioni perſecle mandari, etc. Ne vero objiciatur quia de clerico hoc loquitur, non de presbyiero, Teller., ubi sic incipit : Joanni defensori eunti in Spt- | niam exemplum legis. In Vatic. A prefigitur titu'us : Capitulare lequm, elc., ut in Excusis. In quinque Valic. Rhem. et Colb., tantum premittitur Exen- plum legis. De persona. Imperator Justinianus Augustus, Petro. 9 f, Vitiose irrepsit particula non .in recent. Abest ab omnibus Mss., nec legi potest citra $ensSus jacturam. BR Og YT ”® = = my DS ETEEEESAEE@RS2 5 = LS FI*F= FEES THE T -# =_— = ww *- EPISTOLARUM LIB, XIlI. — INDICT. VI. — EPIST. XLY. zciendum est quia in eadem constitutione, f L. 1. A vocati, singulis causis atque personis prezentanea con- e., legitur appellatione clericorum etiam presbyte- ros tt diacones contineri. Verba autem legis isia zunt : Presbyteros autem, et diaconos, et subdiaconos, cantores, el lectores; quos omnes clericos appellamus, « reliqua. (Novel. 123, $ Si quis contra, apud Julia- num, cap. 32 ; Lib. 1 c. Authen. de sanctiss. episcopis.) De persona Januarii episcopi sciendum est gravi- ler omnino et contra leges esse aclum ut violenter 1253 de Ecclesia iraberetur, dum quando i quam- - libet aliam injuriam a quocunque episcopus PasSus ſuerit in Ecclesia, injuriantem lex capitali pena percutial, et sicut majeslatis reum omnibus det accu- andi illum licentiam, ut bujus legis series Joquitur Codicis libro primo, 5 titulo sexto, constitutione de- ima : > /mperatores Arcadius et Honorius Augusti, Theodoro preſecto pretor. Si quis in hoc genus 8acri- legiz proruperit, ut, in Ecclesias catholicas irruens, ucerdotibus et ministris, vel ipsi cull locoque ali- quid imporſet injurie, quod geritur @ provincie recto- nbus animadvertalur, alque ita provincie moderator, ucerdotum et clericorum et catholice Ecclesice mini- drorum, loci quoque ipsius et divini cultus injuriam capitali in conviclos 8eu con ſess0s re08 sententia nove- nit vindicandum. Et post pauca : Sitque cunciis lauda- tile ſacias atroces 8acerdotibus aut ministris injurias whuti _publicum crimen insequi, alque de lalibus reis ultionem mereri, elc. Datum vii Kalendas Maii, Me- Giolani, Honorio Augusto qualer et Eutychiano consu- lus. (C. de Episc. et Cler., |. Si quis., et c. Cod. Theod., lib. xv1, tit. 2, cap. 31.) Libri suprascripti i tit. 45, const. 2: Imperator Honorius et Theodosius Augusti , Jonio preſecto pra- lr, Fideli ac devola preceptione sancimus nemini kcere ad sacrosanctas Ecclesias conſugientes * abduce- re, 8ub hac videlicet definitione, ut 8i quisquam contra tance legem venire tentaverit, sciat 8e Majestatis crimi- Winitate propitia degentes, quoties usus exegerit in- (ere in ipso0 fonte habes que judicata sunt acquie- D writ -In quinque Vatic., in eadem constitutione quin- fuagesimo primo capitulo legitur. Sic explicari polest - jd habent plerique Mss., L. 1. c. 5 Duo Rbemenus. et quinque Vatic., litulo teriio onstitutione undecima. | Remig. et tres Valic.,./it. 12; Colb., tit. 11. | Rewig. cum quatuor Vatic., consfit. 6. ® Quatuor Vatic., /mperante Leone Auqus!. Eritrio neposilo, . 2 In Turon., Colbert. et tribus Vatic., omissis wllis, imperare, pos! cinguli privationem et verberibus abdendum, Eadem pretermittuntur in Vatic. D. * Ut ex quorumdam animis scrupulum evellam, W cum leges principum adducuntur in $ubsidium Wonum, hoc probationis genus habent fastidio, B De persoua Stephani episcopi hoe attendendum slituta preztamus, nullos penitus cujuscunque conditio-. nis de 8acrosanciis Ecclestis orthodoze fidei expelli, aus !raki, vel protrahi conſugas. El post pauca : Qui hoc moliri, aut ſacere, aut nuda cogitatione galtem atque tractatu ausi ſuerint tentare , capituli et ultima supplicii animadvergione plectengi sun!. Ex his ergo locis, eorumque finibus , quos anteriorum legum pra- 8cripia sanzerunt, nullos ejici aut expelli aliquando patimur, nec in ipsis Ecclesiis reverendis ita quem- quam detineri atque cons!ringi, ut ei aliquid aut victua- lium rerum, aut veatis negetur, aut requies, etc. Data pridie Kalend. Martii Cons/antinopoli, Leone Anguato lertium conaule. (De his qui ad Ecclesiam conſug. C. lib, 1, UL. Fideli et Prezenti.) est, quia nec invitus ad judiciam trahbi, nec ab epi- Scopis alieni concilii debuit judicari , sicut predicia Novellarum constitutio continel, que de episcopis loquitur. Ait enim : Sed neque pro qualicunque pe- cuniaria vel criminali causa ad judicem civilem ire militarem invitum . episzcopum producere vel exhibere citra imperialem juzsionem permittimus; 1] Y$& ed judicem qui tale aliquid sive ex scriplo, give ex non scriplo, prexumpserit ® imperare, pos! cinguli privatio- nem, xx librarum auri penam exzolvere jubemus Ec- clesi@ cujus episcopus produci aut exhiberi juszus el; exsecutorem 8imiliter pos! cinguli privationem et verbe- ribus subdendum, et in exsilium deportandum. liem post multa : Si autem el a clerico aut laico quocungque C aditio contra episcopum fiat, propler quamlibet cau- 8am, apud sanctissimum ejus metropolitam , secundum sancias regulas et nostras leges causa judicetur. Et si quis judicatis contradizerit, ad beatissimum archiepi- scopum et patriarcham diceceseos illus reſeratur causa, Con(ra hac si dictum fſuerit, quia nec metropoli- tam habuit nec pairiarcham, d cendum est quia a sede apostolica, que omnium Eeclesiarum caput est, causa hec audienda ac dirimenda ſuerat, sicut et predictus episcopus petiisse dignoscitur, qui episco- pos alieui concilii habuit omnino guspectos. Quia utiliter admonebo id fieri ratione volente, auctoritate duce. Ratio ex jure principum detar, atque ex legum civilum #2quitate. lilas appello que jus natorale eruunt, illusirant, muniunt, quod jurisconsvitis usu venit. Canonistz plerique aliam ineunt viam, et dum nimis scrupulose, ut omnia concedant auctorilati, verborum vel minutissimos sectantur apices , jus ip- SUM Nalurz ant enervant aut obscurant nimis servi- liter. Porro leges principum ipsa canonum auctoritale, commendari, vel c:xcis notum est. Lucius I, Extr. lib. v, tit. 32, c. 4 : Statuta canonum, ail, principun conslitutionibus adjuvantur. Innocentius II, inib., 2. 2, memorat tradiltionem civilem. Nicolaus [, dist. 10, c. 1, legibus imperatorum in controversiis eccle-ia- $slicis utendum, modo non obvignt canonice sanctio- ni. Citatur jbid:m, c. 7, ex $ancto Augustino, sed alieno sensu. Gelasius, dist. 54, c. 9, 10, 41, 12, vult cuslodiri legum tramitem. Mitto cztera mults — quz io conciliis etiam primariis provtant, USSANY. SANCTI GREGORI! MAGNI ergo sententia nog & 640 judice dieta nibjl firmitalis A producere. At ne poslea objiciatur eis quia per unam obtineat, lectionis bujus tenor ostendit, lib. C. vii, tif. 48, coustit. 4. Imperatores Gratianus, Voalenti- nianus et Theodogius Auguati, ad Potitum vicarium : El in privalorum causis hujusmods ſorma servelur, ne quemquam litigatorum 8ententia, non @ 810 judice di- cla, coustringat. Data x11 Kalend, Oclobris, Rome, Ausonio et Olibrio consulibus. (Si a non compel. jud. C. l. vu, (. Et in privatorum.) Hiud autera quod dicitur a servis Suis accusatus, quia audiri miaime debuerunt, he constitutio pate- facit sic dicens, C. lib. 1x, tit. 1, coustit. 20. Impe- _ yalores Arcadius et Honorius Augusti, Eutychiano preſeclo pretor. Si quis ex ſamiliaribus vel ex 8ervis cujuslibet domus cujuscunque criminis delator atque pariem gesla conſecta sunt, oporiet et il/um qui impe- litur, in ipsa civitale constilulum ubi leastimonia dan- tur, admonitum a judice 8ire a deſensore advenire, audire attexiationes. Si vero noluerit advenire, ed conlempseril, ut ex hoc ab una parle testimonia adver- $48 cum inulilia 8int, sancimus hujuemodi testimonia ita valere, ac 8i non ex ung parile consislerent , 8d etiam ips0 presente ſuizsent ſacla, Si enim recusaverit, et venire uoluerit, el audire que deponuntur, cum uli- que in publico 8it, ct non ex inevitabili quadam neces- silale renire non possit, similis advenienti erit, et nullg ulilitas ex conltemplu 810 & adhibebitur , sed videbun- tur quidem in utriusque preseniia probationes ſacte1, Ecce admanendus est semper adversarius, ut af aw aceuaator exsliterit, ejus estimationem , caput atque B diendos lestes adveniat. Quod quia hic omissun ext, fortunas peliturus cujus ſamiliaritati vel dominio in- hezerit, ante exhibitionem testium, ante examinationem Judicii, in ipsa expositione criminum alque accusationts exordio, ultore gladis ſeriatur. Vocem enim ſunestam intercidi aportet polius quam audiri. Majeslatis autem crimen tantium excipimus. Data v Idus Novembris, Cezario Allicoque consulibus. (De his qui accusare non poss: C. |. 1x, {. Si quis.) Si vero dictum fuerit quia de hoc aceusatus est, quod ad majeslatis crimen altendit, nec ipsum de eo credendum ſuit, i vita vel opinio ejus talis ante .non exslilit, 8icut lib. Pandectarum xLviu, ad legem Ju- liam P majes(latis, $cribit Modestinus, lege Famosi, Paulo post priacipium : Hoc tamen crimen a judici- bus non in occasione ob principatis majes!atis venera- C tionem habendum es, zed in veritale rei judicalce. Nam et persona speclanda et, an poterit ſacere, et ante quid ſecerit, et an cogitaverit. Quod autem dicit idem episcopus, quia se absente aliqui vilissimi sint testes exbibiti, hoc si verum 1255 es, nullius esse momenti lege noscendum est, Conslitutione novella qua de testibus loquitur, c. 16 : Hoc quoque s@pius agnovimus , quoniam qui- dam aut apud locorum deſensores , aut apud clarissi- mos provinciarum judices, aut etiam, ut assole!, hic apud virum clarigsimum magislrum census ingrediun=- fur, et queruniur (anquam ab alio passi aliquid contra leges, aut aliter lesi aut damnificati , testes volentes necesse esl ut quod contra leges actum est firmita- tem non habeat. (Authen. de tesl., Q Et hic vero.) Quales autem * tesles, vel cujus opinionis ad 16- Stimonium admillendi sunt, plurime leges oten- dunt, guz pene rulli habentur incognite ; quz eliam et illud sanciunl, ut vilissimis teslibus sine corporali discussione credi non debeat. Quod autem dicitur, quia nihil scriptis judicatum est, * legendus est lit. 44 lib. vu Codicis, quia scriplis debuit judicari. Nam ibi inter alia precipitur ut sententia quz ine sCripto dicla ſuerit nec nomen sentenliz habere m& reatur. (Ubi supra, F Testcs.) * SENTENTIA JOANNIS DEFENSORIS. Exemplum ' 8ententie pro Januario Malacitano epi- 8c0P0. In nomine Domini, imperatore illo, illa die, ills indictione. le cui officium cognitoris injungitur ita se pura ac intemerata conscientia debet in omnibus exhibere, ut ex his Þ quz in aliis judicat ipse niItionem zlerni examinis non incurrat. Dum igitur ex deputatione beatissimi atque © apostolici domni mei papa Grego- rii ego Joannes defensor inter Januarium episcopum Malacitanz civitatis atque inter jllos et illos episcop9s Januarii interna inquisitione discutere, et a partibus Subtiliter quzrere veritatem, $i, ut petitio ejus con- tinet, transmissis clericis a memoratis episcopis P In Vatic, A, B, F, Remig. et Colbert., majes/a- D 8sonas que contrahunt, alioquin e notariorum numero tis diges!. seplimo, Modestinus, lib. x11 Pandect, pos? Subsequitur alter, de fide ins!rumentorum. In evjus c. 2 hc lego : Scriple authentica , 5i testes inscripti decesserint, non videntur nobis alicujus firmitatis robur habere, nisi per manum publicam ſacta ſuerint , ila quod appareant publicata, aut authenticum sigillum habuerint per quod possint probari. Reges nostri quo ſalsitalibus occurrerent, multa sanxerunt, quorom aliqua reperiet lector in magna collatione inatia- num regiarum, lib. rv, tit. 5. Hanc Ludoviei XII le- Kem exscribo : Notarii nullum pacium exscribent, nisi personas contrahentes probe noverint, aut cerle fidis teslibus asser!toribus.tpsis laqueat easdem ipsas es8e per- expungantur. Franciscus I, an. 1555, addidit : No- ' tarii nullum perscribent contractum 8ine testibus, qui d - nolariis et personis contrakentibus noti sint. Contrarlo usu invatescente instrumenis adulterinis abundy mus. GUSSANv. * Yatic. A et F, legendus est titulus 19 lib. vi Con- stitut., quia. Consentit Turon. mutato 19 in 18. [8 Rhem. , legendum. es! ff. 44 libri vi Constit. | SENTENT. JOAN. DEF. [Al. 55]. — * Exstat in quit que Vatic., quatuor Colbert. , duobus Teller, utr0- que Rhem. et Turon. Abest a Norm. E an ma oo a oj) oo SS a Dc ay £©@AG om O@£©_ a w@Hp © == .. uu }:' om JVOXxX£. or wu ow nw A<q4 we ww oa << ww wo 1 1256 una cum hominibus gloriosi Comitioli, dg A debemus, ne dissimulatione vires dare pravis acti- Fcelesia Tuerit violenter abstractus. Qui dum multa contra $e invicem , sicut gesta testantur, vbjicerent, ad conclusionis hunc utreque partes aliquando ter- ninum pervenerunt, petentes me de agnitis debere judicare. Unde $ollicite relegens quz acta sunt, ct reritaiem diligenti invesligatione perquirens, nullam in antedicto Januario culpam quz exsilio vel depo- xitione digna esset puniri, sed magis illum ejectum & Ecclesia violenter inveni. Et quanquam hujus- modi temeritatem legum censura districtissime feriat, ego 1amen legum vigorem sacerdolali moderatione lemperans, *® medijs sacrosanctis Evangeliis , quibus presentibus ab initio in hoc cognitor resedi judicio, bus, quos falce discipline resecare nos convenit, videamur. Quia ergo pervenit ad nos monachos mo- nasterii * in Capricana insula, que juxta Majoricam insulam est posita, ita perverse agere, Ac vitam $uam diversis ſacinoribus submisisse, ut non omnipotenti Deo, sed antiquo se hovti, quod cum gemita dici- mus, ostendant polius militare, experientia tua, pre- Senti auctoritate commonita, ad prediclum mona- sterium accedere, et vitam moresque illic conversan- tium $ublili studeat investigatione perquirere , et ita quzque resecatione digna repererit, sicut 1257 Cca- nonicus ordo Þ desiderat, congrua uliione corrigere, alque eos quz observare debeant © informare, qua- tenus emendalionis tuz modus, et istos ad viam re- neant, nec alicujus sint momenti, injusla lamen et gg clzz conversalionis reducere, et te apud nos nul iafirma esse pronuntio, atque illos et illos memora- los episcopos, qui, postposita eonsideratione sacer- dotali, in ſratris 8ui przjudicium ate condemna- lionem injuste et contra Dei timorem versati sunt, condemuans, in monasterio recipiendos ad agendam in lempus peenitentiam statuo atque decerno. Ilum rero0 qui locum antedicti sanctissimi Januarii contra $crorum canonum Staluta nequiter presumpsit in- ndere, condemnans, privari sacerdotio et ab omni ecelesiastico ordine removeri statuo, ut et hoc quod male est adeptus amittat, nec ad officium quod ante indigne gesserat revertatur. Szpedictum autem $an- cisimum Januarium episcopum absolutum loco $10 ig episcopatus gradu Deo auctore reverli ac modis omnibus reformari constituo,